Author byline as per print journal: Pieter J Glerum1,2, MSc; Mert Hayta1,3, PharmD, MSc; David M Burger4, PharmD, PhD; Cees Neef5, PharmD, PhD; Marcel L Bouvy3, PharmD, PhD; Marc Maliepaard1,6, PhD
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Background: Drug switching describes switching between drug products with the same active substance. Drug switching occurs commonly in the Netherlands and mostly between generic drug products, however, the specific reasons for switching are incompletely understood. |
Submitted: 17 December 2020; Revised: 9 February 2021; Accepted: 11 February 2021; Published online first: 24 February 2021
Background/Objective
Drug switches between products with the same active substance occur commonly in the Netherlands and mostly between two generic drug products [1]. Drug switching should not be clinically problematic, as interchangeability is supported by the demonstration of bioequivalence [2]. However, a number of patients, physicians and pharmacists have a negative perception of generic drugs and drug switching [3], and indeed some adverse reactions related to drug switches have been reported [4]. This clinical discomfort should be avoided.
Nonetheless, generic drugs are cheaper than their branded counterparts and are therefore important to reduce the costs of pharmaceutical care. In search of an optimum balance between the clinical discomfort, some patients experience and financial benefits, patients would benefit from a system in which generic drugs have a large market share, but the number of drug switches is small. A first step towards this is to elucidate how drug switches arise.
The reasons for the occurrence of drug switches are not yet fully understood. Logically, drug shortages will result in drug switches, but other reasons can be found in the actions of health insurers, prescribers, wholesalers and/or patients, which can influence the choice of the dispensed drug product. Reasons may differ between countries as a result of legislation and healthcare system differences. However, in many countries, similar policies and financial incentives are in place to promote the use of generic drugs. For instance, a number of countries have tender systems in place which favour the cheaper drug product for reimbursement from a group of interchangeable drug products [5].
This study was performed in the Netherlands, where generic drugs have a large market share and there is a price-based tender system to promote generic drug use [6], as well as mandatory prescribing by International Nonproprietary Name (INN). The number of drug shortages has increased in the Netherlands in the last decade [7] as a result of several issues related to production, distribution and quality. The Netherlands is also a less favourable sales market compared to other countries, due to low prices and a small population size. In this study, we prospectively gathered data at the pharmacy counter, both qualitatively and quantitatively, regarding the underlying reasons for drug switching in the Netherlands.
Methods
Observational field research was conducted in pharmacies in the Netherlands during November and December 2019. A total of 400 pharmacies were approached from the database of the Utrecht Pharmacy Practice network for Education and Research (UPPER) [8]. Pharmacies were selected on the basis of geographical spread and with a maximum 2-hour travel time from the city of Utrecht. The research protocol was approved by the UPPER Institutional Review Board.
Drug switches were recorded on a paper form by one researcher (MH) at each pharmacy’s counter, for one working day. A drug switch was defined as the replacement of a patient’s drug product with a drug product containing the same active pharmaceutical ingredient, at the same strength, in the same dosage form and with the same route of administration, but from a different manufacturer (branded or generic). Drug switches for drugs destined for home delivery or storage in the pharmacy’s service lockers were included in the study, whereas pre-packed and pre-sorted packets for polypharmacy patients were excluded from the study for reasons of practicality. The researcher used software embedded automatic notification systems at each pharmacy where possible, but was also dependent on pharmacy personnel to report drug switches manually.
Pharmacy characteristics (predominant healthcare insurer, ownership status) were recorded. Per drug switch, the reason, INN, dose, manufacturer, and the patient’s health insurance company were recorded. Pharmacists were interviewed regarding their view on drug switching and the reasons behind drug switching. Simple descriptive statistics were performed with Microsoft Excel and R.
Nationwide shortages were identified from Farmanco – the drug shortage report system from the Dutch Pharmacists Association – which lists manufacturer confirmed shortages lasting longer than 14 days [9]. If a drug switch was due to a drug shortage that was neither a result of local pharmacy practice nor described in Farmanco then the reason for the switch was considered to be the result of a distribution issue at the wholesale level.
Results
Out of 400 approached pharmacies, 19 were willing to participate (4.8%). Of these, for 16 pharmacies visits could be scheduled and were included in the study. These pharmacies differed by the predominant health insurance companies: Zilveren Kruis/Achmea (6), Menzis (4), Zorg en Zekerheid (3), VGZ/CZ (2) and Salland (1), and by ownership: pharmacy chain (4), franchise (5), independent (7).
In total, 207 drug switches were recorded; 13 on average per day, per pharmacy (range: 4–24). As expected, most drug switches were between generic products (86%, 177/207). 6% (12/207) of switches were from a brand-name product to a generic product. Drug switches between two brand-name products, e.g. imported from another European country, accounted for 4% (8/207) of switches and switching from a generic product to a brand-name product accounted for 3% (7/207) of switches. Finally, only 1% (3/207) of the drug switches were between compounded products, see Table 1.
As depicted in Figure 1, most drug switches were a result of nationwide shortages (32%, 66/207) or the Dutch tender system (23%, 47/207). Agreements between wholesalers and pharmacists to dispense a drug product from a specific manufacturer were responsible for 12% (25/207) of the recorded drug switches. In addition, 11% (22/207) of the drug switches were presumably caused by wholesalers’ distribution issues, resulting in shortage at the pharmacy, while favourable financial margins were the reason for 10% (21/207) of the drug switches. Moreover, local stock issues at the pharmacy, not caused by wholesalers’ distribution issues, were indicated as the reason for 5% (10/207) of the drug switches. Finally, 4% (8/207) were at the request of the patient, while 3% (7/207) were initiated by the pharmacist, and only one switch (0.5%) was initiated by the prescriber.
During the interview, 12 of the 16 pharmacists (75%) indicated that the number of recorded drug switches was an underestimation of a normal days’ practice, whereas 4 pharmacists (25%) indicated that it was representative. Fifteen pharmacists (94%) reported an annual increase in the number of drug switches. Furthermore, based on daily experience, 11 of the 16 pharmacists (69%) estimated that drug shortages were the main cause for drug switches, while 5 (31%) reported that the Dutch tender system was the main cause. In addition, the majority of pharmacists (9/16, 56%) were of the opinion that generic drugs are interchangeable, while 4 pharmacists (25%) believed that they are not interchangeable. Three pharmacists (19%) had a neutral position on interchangeability.
Discussion
To our knowledge, this study is the first to investigate reasons for the occurrence of drug switches in the Netherlands. In our sample, we found that the two main reasons for drug switching are nationwide drug shortages and the price-based tender system, which, combined, were responsible for approximately 55% of the drug switches we observed.
It could be argued that distribution issues at wholesalers and stock issues at the pharmacy should also be classified as shortages, which would make shortages responsible for 47% (98/207) of the total number of drug switches we observed.
Economic drivers also contribute to drug switches and were identified as reasons for switching in 22% of cases in this study, including deals between pharmacist and wholesalers (12%) and financially favourable margins related to reimbursement (10%).
This study has some limitations, including the small sample size, which could impact the generalizability of the results. In addition, pharmacy visits were only conducted in the months of November and December, while the influence of the Dutch tender system on drug switching is likely bigger in January to March [1]. Future studies could include a larger number of pharmacies and include visits spread throughout the year. However, because we aimed to study the entire range of reasons for drug switching, the research period was still deemed adequate and perhaps more sensitive to issues other than the Dutch tender system.
Second, the study is limited by its semi-systematic approach, as the researcher was partly dependent on pharmacy personnel to report drug switches. Three pharmacies did not use an automatic notification system for drug switches, which increased this dependency. Furthermore, we excluded drug switches for polypharmacy patients in pre-packed and pre-sorted packets. It must also be noted that we only succeeded in scheduling visits on ‘not too busy’ days. These limitations may have resulted in an underestimation of the total number of drug switches. Indeed, during the interview, 75% of pharmacists (12/16) indicated that the recorded number of drug switches was likely an underestimation. However, it is not expected that different reasons for drug switches would have been identified, and so we believe our conclusions on the reasons for drug switches to be robust.
This study presents an exploration of the complex reasons for drug switching in the Netherlands, which are, in some cases, related to policies or market structure specific to the Netherlands. Nonetheless, these findings are of international relevance. The search for an optimized drug market system, in which generic drugs simultaneously have a large market share but a low number of drug switches, is not restricted to the Netherlands. Moreover, policies and financial incentives, such as mandatory INN prescribing and price-driven tender systems for drug reimbursement, are implemented in many countries. They would therefore likely result in a similar number of drug switches and similar reasons for those switches. Policymakers worldwide could thus utilize the results of our study. The results should also open up a discussion about the acceptability of economic or distribution issues underlying drug switches, which may result in clinical discomfort for patients. This is, however, a difficult discussion, as the issues are unlikely to be easily solved and influence the financial viability of the pharmaceutical market.
Funding sources
No external funding was received for this research project.
Disclaimer
The opinions in this manuscript are only those of the authors. This manuscript is not intended to reflect the opinion of the Medicines Evaluation Board in the Netherlands nor any of the working parties or scientific committees of the European Medicines Agency.
Ethics
The protocol for this research was approved by the UPPER Institutional Review Board of the division of Pharmacoepidemiology and Clinical Pharmacology of Utrecht University, the Netherlands. For each participating pharmacy, a written informed consent was provided by the head pharmacist.
Authors’ comments
What is already known about this subject:
– Switching between (generic) drugs of the same active substance results in adverse drug reactions
– Drug switching occurs frequently in Dutch pharmacies [1]
What this study adds:
– Knowledge of the reasons for drug switches to occur in the Netherlands
– Evidence to support discussion on policy interventions aiming for a reduction in the number of drug switches
Competing interests: The authors declared no competing interests for this work.
Provenance and peer review:Not commissioned; externally peer reviewed.
Authors
Pieter J Glerum1,2, MSc
Mert Hayta1,3, PharmD, MSc
David M Burger4, PharmD, PhD
Cees Neef5, PharmD, PhD
Marcel L Bouvy3, PharmD, PhD
Marc Maliepaard1,6, PhD
1Medicines Evaluation Board, Utrecht, The Netherlands
2Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Toxicology, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
3Department of Pharmacoepidemiology and Pharmacotherapy, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS), Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
4Department of Pharmacy, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
5Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Toxicology, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, The Netherlands
6Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
References
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4. Glerum PJ, Maliepaard M, de Valk V, Scholl JHG, van Hunsel F, vanPuijenbroek EP, et al. Quantifi cation of adverse drug reactions related to drug switches in the Netherlands. Clin Transl Sci. 2020;13(3):599-607.
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6. Overheid.nl. Wetten. Regeling – Besluit zorgverzekering [homepage on the Internet]. [cited 2021 Feb 9]. Available from: https://wetten.overheid.nl/BWBR0018492/2021-01-01
7. KNMP. Farmanco. Geneesmiddelentekorten [homepage on the Internet]. [cited 2021 Feb 9]. Available from: https://www.knmp.nl/patientenzorg/geneesmiddelen/geneesmiddelentekorten
8. Koster ES, Blom L, Philbert D, Rump W, Bouvy ML. The Utrecht Pharmacy Practice network for Education and Research: a network of community and hospital pharmacies in the Netherlands. Int J Clin Pharm. 2014;36(4):669-74.
9. KNMP. Farmanco. Dè website voor alle geneesmiddelentekorten. [homepage on the Internet]. [cited 2021 Feb 9]. Available from: https://farmanco.knmp.nl
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Author for correspondence: Pieter J Glerum, MSc, CBG-MEB, PO Box 8275, NL-3503 RB Utrecht, The Netherlands |
Disclosure of Conflict of Interest Statement is available upon request.
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