Author byline as per print journal: Valderilio Feijó Azevedo, MD, PhD; Eduardo Mysler, MD; Alexis Aceituno Álvarez, PharmD, PhD; Juana Hughes, MSc; Francisco Javier Flores-Murrieta, PhD, FCP; Eva Maria Ruiz de Castilla, MS, MAA, PhD
Abstract: |
Submitted: 31 March 2014; Revised: 27 May 2014; Accepted: 4 June 2014; Published online first: 17 June 2014
With the emergence of biosimilars as a new class of biotherapeutic agent, the use of these drug products in Latin America has become a focus of attention. To aid policymakers and regulatory authorities, the Americas Health Foundation (AHF) convened a group of experts on biosimilars to discuss the major issues related to the use of these products in Latin America. AHF relied on a number of sources to identify appropriate and potential panel members. Suggestions were received from other organizations and from individuals who had been recommended by other experts. Adjunct Professor Valderilio Azevedo was the lead contact and helped recommend and recruit other panel members so as to achieve a diverse composition of workgroup members. The AHF received a non-restrictive grant from Roche, who had no role in the decision to select panel members for the workgroup. AHF was responsible for the selection of the topic and subsequent subtopics in conjunction with the lead panel member. AHF was responsible for all logistics and expenses, including travel, hotel, and honorariums.
The facilitator for the workgroup discussion was Dr Richard Kahn, the former Chief Scientific and Medical Officer for the American Diabetes Association, who has moderated a number of consensus conferences for AHF in the past. The meeting was held over a two and a half day period of intensive and concentrated time, including 10–12 hour days. Each panel member was responsible for preparing a draft paper on his or her respectively assigned subtopic. These papers became the basis for the subsequent discussions and the final recommendations. In compiling the individual papers into a cohesive manuscript, every sentence was read, reviewed, discussed and agreed upon by the entire workgroup. Questions, comments, suggestions and disagreements were all aired openly and fully until consensus was reached.
The result of this discussion was the production of this manuscript. In this manuscript, we review the critical points in the development of regulations for the approval of biosimilars in Latin America and outline recommendations for the best implementation of regulations throughout the region.
The name biopharmaceuticals has been coined for medicinal products that contain biotechnology- or biology-derived substances (mainly proteins and polysaccharides) as their active components. There are many examples of this class of product, including human erythropoietin, insulin, growth hormone, cytokines and a number of monoclonal antibodies [1, 2].
Biotechnology processes such as recombinant DNA, controlled gene and antibody expression are the most common methods to manufacture biopharmaceuticals [3]. The manufacturing process of biopharmaceuticals plays a key role because the process itself is critical to the nature of the final product. Small differences in the design and execution of a manufacturing process can have a large influence on the clinical profile of the final product. In fact, due to the complexities associated with the manufacturing process, most biopharmaceutical manufacturers obtain a patent for the production process and not necessarily for the biotherapeutic product itself [4, 5].
Biosimilars are medicines similar to biopharmaceuticals that have already been approved. In other words, a biosimilar is a version of a previously approved biological medicine termed the reference product. Several names are given to biosimilars in different parts of the world, such as biocomparables, biological products, ‘follow-on biologics’, follow-on protein products, or subsequent entry biologicals [1, 6–8].
Biosimilars are not the same as generic versions of chemical synthesis-derived drugs. This is because the complexity of the manufacturing process, the heterogeneity of the final product, the active component itself, and other factors may not be identical to the reference product [9]. Biosimilars are expected to reduce drug expenditure, assuming that they achieve the same clinical results as those of the reference product [4, 10].
In general, a manufacturer of biosimilars must establish that its product is similar enough to a reference product to serve as an alternative to it. Comparative quality, efficacy and safety studies are all required and must be performed in a step-wise manner to demonstrate biosimilarity.
Considering the complexity of biotherapeutic products and the limitations imposed by analytical techniques to determine whether they are indeed identical to the reference product, the approval of biosimilars must rely on demonstrating comparable clinical safety and efficacy [4, 11, 12]. To evaluate comparability, the manufacturer should first perform complete physico-chemical and biological characterization of the biosimilar on a head-to-head comparison with the reference product. Physico-chemical properties can be assessed by the primary or higher order structure using methods such as HPLC-mass spectrometry or NMR (nuclear magnetic resonance), whereas biological activity, being a measure of function, will be complementary to the physico-chemical description [13]. Cell-based assays and animal studies including pharmacodynamics and toxicity should be performed in addition to physico-chemical characterization and receptor binding. The methods used to determine the comparability between the biosimilar and its reference product must be sufficiently selective and specific to detect differences between the two. The importance of such differences can only be ascertained in preclinical and clinical studies [14].
To ensure that a biosimilar coming onto the market has the same clinical safety and efficacy as the original product, regulatory agencies need to establish well-designed pathways to achieve approval. To do this, a risk-based approach in evaluating biosimilarity has been recommended [15]. Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic clinical studies are mandatory and should be done as an independent phase I study or as the initial part of a phase III trial [2]. These studies can help identify differences to the reference product, if they are present.
The route of administration and dosage of a biosimilar must be the same as the reference product. There should be similar efficacy between the biosimilar and the reference product as demonstrated in sufficiently powered, randomized, blinded controlled clinical trials. Hard clinical endpoints are essential. Any major deviation from this design should be justified. Equivalence trials (those that require a superior and an inferior comparative limit) are the preferable option for data comparison. A non-inferiority design may be used in certain circumstances, again when justified [16].
The equivalence/non-inferiority margin should be pre-specified and justified to the regulatory authorities on the basis of clinical relevance. Differences in treatment effects must also be acceptable to the medical community and not have any negative impact in patient care [17]. The indication for use of a biosimilar should reflect the results of the clinical trial showing efficacy and safety. Other indications can be extrapolated according to current guidelines (World Health Organization [WHO]) but whether a biosimilar is appropriate for related diseases, e.g. between various inflammatory diseases, is a complex issue [18, 19]. If a biosimilar achieves an indication for one disease, it cannot automatically be assumed that the product is safe and effective for other indications simply because that is what exists for the reference product. Therefore, scientific evidence for such extrapolation should be assessed.
Another significant issue when designing a clinical trial for biosimilars is which population to choose. For example, not every patient with lymphoma will have the same response to a specific therapy; not all patients with rheumatoid arthritis will have the same response to medications that have the same indication. Patients who are methotrexate resistant do not have the same response to a biological that methotrexate naive patients have [20–22]. When deciding which population to study, the developers of a biosimilar should consider the most sensitive population that would best replicate the original results of the reference product. The intention of the clinical study is not to show the safety and efficacy of the biosimilar per se, as that has already been proven for the reference drug, but to ensure that the biosimilar has similar safety and efficacy.
Since biological agents are often immunogenic, differences between a biosimilar and its reference product may occur. That is why the immunogenicity of a biosimilar is essential to ascertain before ensuring its safety and efficacy [23]. The time to the appearance of an immunogenic reaction, as much as the type of reaction illicited, should be evaluated. Testing should have sufficient sensitivity and must have been previously validated. To determine the immunogenicity of a biosimilar, one-year follow-up pre-licensing data is normally recommended. A shorter follow-up period, e.g. six months, might be justified based on the immunogenic profile of the reference product [24].
Clinical trials rarely have the capacity to identify infrequent or unusual adverse events, so post-marketing surveillance is critical to assure drug safety [2, 15, 24–26]. In order to determine whether adverse effects are associated with a biosimilar or its reference product after approval and widespread use, some means to differentiate between the two drugs should be employed, e.g. traceability. In particular, a physician may in practice substitute the biosimilar for the reference product or, if automatic substitution is allowed, a pharmacist may switch from one drug to the other (biosimilar to original drug or vice versa) without informing or having the consent of the treating physician. In either case, it is important to be able to ascribe the cause of an adverse event to one or the other drug.
In order to understand the regulatory framework in Latin America, it is necessary to know the historical background and worldwide situation. In the early 1980s, the introduction of biopharmaceuticals dramatically changed the treatment of some diseases. Soon after, three Latin American countries – Argentina, Cuba and Mexico – started the production of biopharmaceuticals. At that time, most Latin American countries did not have patent law, which prompted industry to make drugs that were copies of the reference drug. Around the year 2000, when countries belonging to the International Conference on Harmonisation of Technical Requirements for Registration of Pharmaceuticals for Human Use (including Europe, Japan and the US) began discussing how to approve ‘follow-on biologics’ because patents were close to expiration, Latin America had about 100 products in the market that were intended copies of reference products and registered as generics.
Under these conditions, the first regulation needed was to define the pathway for a biopharmaceutical to be approved, separate from a generic drug. Brazil and Venezuela were the first countries in Latin America to distinguish between the approval process for generics and that for biopharmaceuticals [25]. It was not until 2010 that other countries in Latin America made this distinction and even today there are countries in the region still operating under the original guidelines. For countries in the region that have regulations for the approval of biosimilars, the WHO guidelines [2] have been adopted. Although countries have adopted these regulations in general terms, there are many countries whose regulations differ from WHO.
A significant issue in Latin America is how to re-evaluate products that were previously approved but no longer fit the current criteria for a biosimilar. As mentioned above, intended copies of biologicals have been used in Latin American countries for many years and in general there were no criteria for the establishment of similarity between these products and their reference products. In 2002, Brazil began requiring more robust clinical studies in order for a product to be renewed as a biological product. Today, no country in Latin America requires a previously approved intended copy of biological drug to meet all the requirements now in effect to be considered a biosimilar as proposed by the WHO guidelines.
Two other important challenges remain. One is to improve the active pharmacovigilance system for biosimilars in a region where few adverse effects from any drugs are reported. The other challenge is that despite having comprehensive regulations for the approval of biosimilars, the region needs to develop the necessary infrastructure to evaluate the analytical and clinical information required for approval.
Because biologicals consume a substantial proportion of national healthcare budgets, the financial pressure to adopt biosimilars in each country is high, although each country varies in its propensity to increase access to biosimilars. The intent to promote the local manufacture of biosimilars should not distort the goal of assuring the safety and efficacy of these drugs.
In Mexico, until recently, criteria for the approval of an intended copy of biological drug was the same as for generics, meaning that preclinical and clinical data were not required. That is why in 2011 there were 23 intended copy biological drugs registered in Mexico as generics and more than 100 million doses of treatments using these drugs have been sold from 1993 to 2012. Unfortunately, due to the lack of pharmacovigilance, it has not been possible to establish the risk of using these inadequately evaluated drugs [27]. However, according to new criteria approved in Mexico in 2011, previously licensed drugs must be renewed every five years, and therefore these intended copy biological drugs will have to demonstrate true biosimilarity with physico-chemical, preclinical and clinical studies as well as pharmacovigilance, including detection of immunogenicity. At this time, Mexico has not approved a biosimilar but these intended copy biological drugs have to demonstrate true biosimilarity with physico-chemical, preclinical and clinical studies as well as pharmacovigilance, including detection of immunogenicity. However, several products are currently under evaluation at various steps of the process, and it is expected that at least one of them will be approved this year.
In Brazil, two pathways for the approval of biosimilars have emerged: a ‘comparability’ pathway and an ‘individual development’ pathway. The comparative pathway is almost identical to the WHO guidelines on evaluation of Similar Biotherapeutic Products (SBP) [2]. In the ‘individual development’ pathway, quality issues and clinical study requirements are reduced relative to the comparative pathway, but an extrapolation of indications, one important and controversial point regarding biosimilars, is not permitted. The comparability pathway is more rigorous and requires comparative phase I and phase III trials to the reference biotherapeutic product (RBP) and will allow extrapolation into other indications [28, 29]. Copy products that are licensed using the comparability pathway are considered biosimilars. With government support and local production capabilities, the future commercial outlook of biosimilars in Brazil seems very promising. Under the new product development partnerships (PDPs) framework, local companies have made partnerships with international companies with expertise in producing both new biological products and biological products, see ‘Glossary of Terms’ below. The resulting products have a shorter timeline to approval and they also have a five-year exclusivity to sell their product to the Brazilian Government.
In contrast to most other countries in the region, Argentina is a major manufacturer of biopharmaceuticals – new biological products or biological products – not simply a distributor. Argentina has a well-established regulatory pathway for biosimilars [30], yet none have been marketed to date. Other countries in Latin America, such as Ecuador, Panama, Paraguay and Peru, have regulations for the approval of biosimilars. And others, such as Chile, Colombia, Uruguay and Venezuela have published draft proposals. However, implementation of the regulations has proven challenging.
The need for well-defined pathways and regulations for the review, approval and pharmacovigilance of biosimilars, as well as greater transparency into the actions of governments, is still necessary in the region. However, a common issue with guidelines in Latin America is that regulatory authorities across countries require different levels of evidence for the approval of biosimilars.
Unfortunately, the pace at which the region moves toward reaching its potential of having safe and effective biosimilars has been slow. Of course, Latin America is no exception to the slower-than-expected pace worldwide. The introduction and uptake of biosimilars has not been optimal even in well-regulated markets such as in the European Union, while in the US, the ‘follow-on biologic’ regulatory pathway suggested by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) remains unclear [31]. It is noteworthy that not one biosimilar has been approved in the US using the US regulatory approval process. Follow-on type products have been approved, but using the stand-alone approach.
Given this backdrop, the path to harmonizing biosimilar regulations in Latin America has proven difficult. The main mechanism for such a path is the Pan American Network for Drug Regulatory Harmonization (PANDRH), which is chaired by the Pan American Health Organization (PAHO), but is essentially a multi-sectoral advisory body with no direct authority. Harmonizing biologicals/biosimilars regulations is the objective of the PANDRH’s Biotechnological Products Working Group (WG BIO), which was established in 2010 and recommended that the region follows WHO guidelines [32].
At PANDRH’s Seventh Conference in 2013, results of a survey conducted by PAHO of at least two countries in each subregion of Latin America demonstrated that more than half had not incorporated WHO guidelines at all, while 39 per cent used only parts of the document [33]. At the same PANDRH meeting, WHO presented results of a survey of 15 drug regulatory agencies in Latin America demonstrating substantial differences in the approach to clinical considerations in the regulation of biotherapeutic products [34]. Thus, although regulatory convergence via the PANDRH process is recognized as a priority, harmonization could still be a long way off.
As this process unfolds, it is incumbent upon Latin America’s governments, non-governmental agencies, and leading health agencies to take a more active role both in developing stronger national regulations as well as the harmonization of regulations across the region.
Latin American governments also need more comprehensive and specific regulations related to biosimilars. Bare-minimum alignment with international consensus is far from a guarantee of public health safety. Rules for biosimilars that are too open for interpretation may encourage inferior imports or inferior locally manufactured products, and do so at the risk of product safety, quality and efficacy.
Governments in the region will also need to invest more heavily in their respective drug regulatory agencies. Regulations that are impossible to implement for lack of resources, e.g. staff, are of little benefit. The appropriate regulation of biosimilars requires proactive, well-resourced agencies both at the front end of product appraisal and for post-marketing surveillance and pharmacovigilance [35]. Intended copies of biologicals (versus true biosimilars) continue to proliferate in the region. Governments should consider unacceptable the continued approval of intended copies instead of biosimilars, given that the risks of these products are undetermined.
The introduction and use of biosimilars in Latin America has tremendous potential for governments, physicians, and patients. Although some progress has been made with regulations, countries of the region as a whole remain under-prepared. Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) have an important role in keeping governments accountable for protecting public health and patient well-being. Latin American NGOs should play a larger role in advocating for biosimilar development, approval, and post-approval surveillance. They should also be encouraged to work across borders to build a unified regional patient perspective and to demand greater levels of coordination among governments in the region.
Given the major role of PAHO, along with the South American Health Council of the Union of South American Nations (UNASUR) and the Institute for South American Institute of Government in Health (ISAGS) in health affairs within the region [36], we recommend that each of these organizations do more to encourage the development of biosimilar regulations based on WHO guidelines. The same can be said for the Council of Health Ministers of Central America (COMISCA), which is the main inter-governmental health integration mechanism for that subregion and the Dominican Republic [37].
The introduction and use of proven biosimilars should result in expanded access throughout the Americas to this important class of therapies. Proven biosimilars are likely to be cheaper than original biologicals making them more affordable for public sector health systems. Greater availability, in turn, should translate into increased use by physicians, with parallel efforts to improve the health system infrastructure to accommodate such use. Increasing utilization rates will help drive market competition to the further benefit of governments (lower prices), physicians (more tools to combat disease), and patients (increased access to modern therapies).
We propose a number of recommendations that should significantly enhance the appropriate review, approval and safe use of biosimilars. We greatly encourage all interested parties to consider implementing the following:
Adjunct Professor Valderilio Feijó Azevedo, MD, PhD
Federal University of Paraná
224 Rua Alvaro Alvin, Casa 18 Seminário, Curitiba-Paraná PR 80740-260, Brasil
Eduardo Mysler, MD
Organización Médica de Investigación (OMI)
Uruguay 725 PB, CABA, CP 1015, Argentina
Alexis Aceituno Álvarez, PharmD, PhD
Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Valparaíso, Chile
Instituto de Salud Pública de Chile (ISPC)
1000 Av Marathon, Ñuñoa, Santiago, Chile
Casilla 48 Correo Central 21, Código Postal 7780050, Chile
Juana Hughes, MSc
Consultant on Pharmaceutical Affairs, Specialization on Biotech Products
1721 Lido, Montevideo 11500, Uruguay
Francisco Javier Flores-Murrieta, PhD, FCP
Sección de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación del Instituto Politécnico Nacional and Unidad de Investigación en Farmacología, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosío Villegas – Mexico
4502 Calzada de Tlalpan, Colonia Sección XVI, 14080 México, Distrito Federal
Eva Maria Ruiz de Castilla, MS, MAA, PhD
International Alliance of Patients’ Organizations
363 Calle Conde de la Monclova, Dpto 1102, Torre Libertadores San Isidro Lima, 27 Perú
Competing interests: Ms Juana Hughes is a paid advisor for Merck Serono and was paid by AbbVie for giving lectures. Dr Alexis Aceituno Álvarez – no conflicts of interest. Dr Eva Maria Ruiz de Castilla – no conflicts of interest. Dr Francisco Javier Flores-Murrieta – no conflicts of interest. Adjunct Professor Valderilio Feijó Azevedo – a member of the Global Advisory Board on Biosimilars of AbbVie, Merck Serono and Pfizer; and has spoken for, and been involved with clinical trials for AbbVie, AstraZeneca, Bristol-Myers Squibb, GSK, Janssen, Novo Nordisk, Pfizer, Sanofi, UCB. Dr Eduardo Mysler – speaker, advisor and investigator for AbbVie, AstraZeneca, Biogen Indec, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Janssen, mAbxience, Merck, Novartis, Novo Nordisk, Pfizer, Roche, Samsung, Sanofi and UCB.
Provenance and peer review: Not commissioned; externally peer reviewed.
Eduardo Mysler, MD
Alexis Aceituno Álvarez, PharmD, PhD
Juana Hughes, MSc
Francisco Javier Flores-Murrieta, PhD, FCP
Eva Maria Ruiz de Castilla, MS, MAA, PhD
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Author for correspondence: Adjunct Professor Valderílio Feijó Azevedo, MD, PhD, 224 Rua Alvaro Alvin, Casa 18 Seminário, Curitiba-Paraná PR-80740-260, Brasil |
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There are flagrant contradiction in this report, specifically regarding the definition of Biosimilars.
First, the authors said that “Argentina is a major manufacturer of biopharmaceuticals – new biological products or biological products – not simply a distributor. Argentina has a well-established regulatory pathway for biosimilars[30], yet none have been marketed to date.”
Further, in the glossary terms they define Biological products = intended copy (biological) drugs.
The real situation is the fact that since the ’90s Argentina has produced and sold (in Latam, Africa and Asia) millions of doses of either EPO, Interferon (alpha and beta), Filgrastim and other recombinant proteins without any adverse effect reported.
The authors prefer not naming these proteins as biosimilars based on semantic issues, and probably because some of them have the bias of working in multinational companies.
The proteins produced in Argentina (and in Cuba too) could be named as biosimilar, copy or follow-on; but are cheaper than the originator’s proteins and as effective as them.
Dear Mr Krimer, Thank you for your valuable comments. We would be delighted if you would consider submitting a Letter to the Editor to GaBI Journal to share your insight and knowledge on the subject. If interested, please feel free to reach us at editorial@gabi-journal.net. Thank you again and we hope to hear from you soon.
Dear Mr Krimer
First of all, thank you very much for your interest in our paper. As we said in the paper, Argentina is and has been a major player in the biopharmaceutical field. The low molecular weight biologicals were approved under the old generics regulation and they have been in the market for many years. We are referring to the new high molecular weight biologicals (monoclonal/fusion proteins) and the new regulations that have been recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO) and implemented by the European Medicines Agency (EMA) and that ANMAT has approved in the recent years. Under this new regulation no biosimilar has been marketed until today. We expect that Argentina with his high quality production and great experience will comply with the national regulations and with that will continue to export her products to the rest of the world.
We also want to highlight that the intention of the paper was not primarily a Latin American biosimilars market pharmacoeconomics analysis as we have no data on high molecular weight biosimilars until now.
Regards,
The authors.
Dear Authors
Thanks for your comments
The first Biosimilar MAB produced in Argentina is closed to the market
I am developing two biosimilar MABs, and we hope to enter to the market in a few years
Only for your knowledge
Best regards
Alejandro
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